Foreign investors and private equity firms operating in India are making anxious calls to advisers and lawyers after a Supreme Court ruling earlier this month strengthened the government's hand in tax disputes. On January 15, India's top court ruled that US investment firm Tiger Global must pay tax in India on the sale of its stake in e-commerce giant Flipkart to Walmart in 2018. The ruling overturned a previous decision that had allowed Tiger Global to claim tax relief based on the India-Mauritius tax treaty. This decision sets out a tougher interpretation of such treaties and permits authorities to deny treaty benefits if investment structures are seen as lacking substance. The ruling has sparked concerns about future sales of investments for private equity and could significantly affect the business environment, potentially causing investors to reassess their strategies.